Approximately 520!

Currently there are approximately 520 described species of sharks, however new species are being described all the time. In total, there are around 1,200 species of cartilaginous fishes, which includes the sharks, skates, chimaeras, and rays. For detailed information on individual species, check out our shark species profiles!

Over 400 million years!

Fossil records indicate that ancestors of modern sharks swam the seas over 400 million years ago, making them older than dinosaurs!

Throughout time sharks have changed very little.

Elasmobranchs include sharks, rays, and skates.

Elasmobranchs are a closely related group of fishes, differing from bony fishes by having cartilaginous skeletons and five or more gill slits on each side of the head. In contrast, bony fishes have bony skeletons and a single gill cover.

No, sharks do not have bones.

No, sharks and all other fishes belonging to the class Chondrichthyes that lack true bones. Instead they have cartilaginous skeletons.

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue strong enough to give support but softer than true bone. Cartilage is found in the human ear and nose. Because cartilage is softer than bone, it is very rare to find complete fossil remains of sharks.

That depends on the shark species.

While longevity data are not available for many sharks, maximum ages do vary by species.

Some sharks like the smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) may only live 16 years, while others such as the porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus) may live as long as 46 years. In comparison, Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus), the largest fish in the world, may live over 100 years and the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) is estimated to live more than 400 years!

Shark skin feels exactly like sandpaper.

It is made up of tiny teeth-like structures called placoid scales, also known as dermal denticles. These scales point towards the tail and helps to reduce friction from surrounding water when the shark swims.

Because of this, if someone rubbed the skin from the head towards the tail, it would feel very smooth. In the opposite direction it feels very rough like sandpaper.

As the shark grows, the placoid scales do not increase in size. Instead the shark grows more scales. The silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) has small scales giving it a “silky” feel to the touch.

That depends on the shark species.

It was once believed that all sharks had to swim constantly in order to breathe and could not sleep for more than a few minutes at a time. Oxygen-rich water flows through the gills during movement allowing the shark to breathe.

While some species of sharks do need to swim constantly, this is not true for all sharks. Some sharks such as the nurse shark have spiracles that force water across their gills allowing for stationary rest.

Sharks do not sleep like humans do, but instead have active and restful periods.

Sharks have eyes that are similar to the human eye with some exceptions.

Sharks have the ability to open and close the pupil in response to differing light situations similar to humans while most fish do not possess this ability. A shark’s eye also includes a cornea, iris, lens, and retina. Rods and cones are located in the shark’s retina, allowing the shark to see in differing light situations as well as to see color and detail.

In addition, sharks, similar to cats, have a mirror-like layer in the back of the eye referred to as the tapetum lucidum. This layer further increases the intensity of incoming light, enhancing the eye’s sensitivity to light.

Although it was once thought that sharks had very poor vision, we now know that sharks have sharp vision. Research has shown that sharks may be more than 10x as sensitive to light as humans. Scientists also believe that sharks may be far-sighted, able to see better at distance rather than close-up, due to the structure of the eye. Vision varies among species of sharks due to differences in the size, focusing ability, and strength of the eyes.

Yes!

Sharks have an excellent sense of hearing with ears located inside their heads on both sides rather than external ears like humans.

Sharks can hear best at frequencies below 1,000 Hertz which is the range of most natural aquatic sounds. This sense of hearing helps shark locate potential prey swimming and splashing in the water. Sharks also use their lateral line system to pick up vibrations and sounds.

Sharks shed teeth their whole lives.

Sharks have lots of teeth arranged in layers so if any break off, new sharp teeth can immediately take their place. Sharks can shed thousands of teeth during their life, this is why sharks teeth can be found washed onto beaches.

Shark teeth also fossilize easily while the rest of the shark decomposes.

A shark’s coloring helps it hide from predators and prey.

Sharks that swim in open water have a color pattern referred to as “countershading”.

The upper portion of the shark is dark in color to make it difficult to see the shark from above against the dark ocean water. The underside of the shark is light in color so it blends well with the lighter water near the surface when viewed from below. Countershading makes it difficult for predators and prey to see sharks.

In most cases, yes.

Although shark flesh contains high levels of urea and methylamine, any residual toxins that are not washed away when the shark meat is cleaned will quickly dissipate when cooked.

However, sharks may contain high concentrations of heavy metals, primarily in larger, older individuals. Shark meat is low fat and provides a good source of protein for people living in many parts of the world.

The fastest shark is the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus).

The shortfin mako has been recorded to reach burst swimming speeds of up to 43 mph (70 km/h). It can chase down some of the fastest fishes such as tuna and swordfish.

The largest shark, and also the largest fish in the ocean is the whale shark (Rhincodon typus). This massive plankton-feeder reaches lengths of over 20m (60 feet).

The smallest shark is a deepwater dogfish shark known as the dwarf lanternshark (Etmopterus perryi). This species which is found in the Caribbean Sea is mature at under 20cm (~8 inches).

Sawfishes are closely related to sharks, with long, flat, tooth-studded snouts often referred to as “saws”.

Sawfishes found off the coast of the United States are the smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata) and largetooth sawfish (Pristis pristis). Currently, the smalltooth and largetooth sawfishes are listed as a critically endangered species by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and the U.S. Marine Fisheries Service.

Sawfishes use their rostral saws to hunt with.

They probe muddy or silty bottoms of rivers and shores with their saws in search of marine invertebrates like sea cucumbers, scallops, worms, crayfish, crabs, and shrimp. They can separate their prey from the sand and mud by using the saw as a rake.

The ‘saw’ may also be used by the sawfish as it swims through schools of fish to stun or injure small fishes which it feeds on.